![]() ![]() Therefore, at the core of nanopore sequencing technologies lies a challenge of producing solid-state nanopores with a quality that rivals their much more reliable biological pore counterparts. (8,9) However, nucleic acid sequencing goes beyond the four DNA/RNA bases, as various chemical modifications and damaged DNA sites produce additional signals that require orthogonal readout modes for correct modified base assignment. SMS nanotechnologies can be divided into two main categories: (i) Sequencing-by-synthesis in which a DNA polymerase replicates a DNA molecule and the added sequence is read out, either in real time (6) or by sequential addition of bases, (7) and (ii) nanopore-sequencing technologies in which single molecules of DNA (or RNA) are threaded through a nanopore or positioned in the vicinity of a nanopore, and k-mers of DNA bases ( k = 4–5) are detected as they are translocated through the pore in single base steps. In particular, in the past several years SMS platforms, such as those by Pacific Biosciences and Oxford Nanopore Technologies, have become available to researchers and are currently being utilized in research and clinical settings. Individual base pairs, the monomer units of DNA/RNA polymers, are then detected sequentially one at a time as they interact with these elements. (5) SMS involves threading single nucleic acid strands through elements (reader molecules, enzymes, nanopores, and other nanostructures) that can be used for detecting specific signals (e.g., electrical, optical, or mechanical). Although the reader can find exhaustive details on the principles, fabrication, and applications of plasmonic nanoholes and nanopores for biosensing in recent reviews by Dahlin (3) and by Spitzberg and co-workers, (4) here we focus our attention on the potential applications and integration of plasmonic nanopores as transducers in single-molecule detection, manipulation, and sequencing.ĭuring the last few decades a new generation of single-molecule information reader technologies have emerged, the most advanced example being single-molecule sequencing (SMS). (2) Among others, one specific family of plasmonic platforms is based on plasmonic nanohole arrays and the more recently implemented plasmonic nanopores, sub-100 nm apertures connecting two compartments, for sensing applications. These nanoscale detectors have found applications in several fields such as light harvesting, photocatalysis, subwavelength imaging, metamaterials, and nanomedicine. Various factors affect the plasmonic nanostructure response, which allow for a rationally guided design of plasmonic sensors with tunable sensitivity. (1) Both the intensity and the energy of the SPR phenomenon strongly depend on the size, shape, and composition of the nanostructures, as well as on the dielectric properties of the surrounding environment. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) refers to the collective oscillations of the conduction electrons in metallic nanostructures. This Mini Review offers a comprehensive understanding of the current state-of-the-art plasmonic nanopores for single-molecule detection and biomolecular sequencing applications and discusses the latest advances and future perspectives on plasmonic nanopore-based technologies. The use of plasmonic nanopores to engineer electromagnetic fields around a nanopore sensor allows for enhanced optical spectroscopies, local control over temperature, thermophoresis of molecules and ions to/from the sensor, and trapping of entities. Here, we highlight a novel family of solid-state nanopores which have recently appeared, namely plasmonic nanopores. In recent years, solid-state nanopores have been explored due to their miscellaneous fabrication methods and their use in a wide range of sensing applications. Solid-state nanopore-based sensors are promising platforms for next-generation sequencing technologies, featuring label-free single-molecule sensitivity, rapid detection, and low-cost manufacturing. ![]()
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